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Literature 四库全书·史部·正史类·史记
Posted on 2011-01-19
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《史记》一百三十卷，汉司马迁撰，褚少孙补。迁事迹具《汉书》本传。少孙据张守节《正义》引张晏之说，以为颍川人，元、成间博士。又引《褚顗家传》，以为梁相褚大弟之孙，宣帝时为博士，寓居沛，事大儒王式，故号先生。二说不同。然宣帝末距成帝初不过十七八年，其相去亦未远也。案迁《自序》凡十二本纪、十表、八书、三十世家、七十列传，共为百三十篇。《汉书》本传称其十篇阙，有录无书。张晏注以为迁殁之后，亡《景帝纪》、《武帝纪》、《礼书》、《乐书》、《兵书》、《汉兴以来将相年表》、《日者列传》、《三王世家》、《龟策列传》、《傅靳列传》。刘知几《史通》则以为十篇未成，有录而已，驳张晏之说为非。今考《日者》、《龟策》二传，并有“太史公曰”，又有“褚先生曰”，是为补缀残稿之明证，当以知几为是也。然《汉志·春秋家》载《史记》百三十篇，不云有阙，盖是时官本已以少孙所续，合为一编。观其《日者》、《龟策》二传并有“臣为郎时”云云，是必尝经奏进，故有是称。其“褚先生曰”字，殆后人追题，以为别识欤。周密《齐东野语》摘《司马相如传赞》中有“扬雄以为靡丽之赋，劝百而讽一”之语。又摘《公孙弘传》中有“平帝元始中诏赐弘子孙爵”语。焦竑《笔乘》摘《贾谊传》中有“贾嘉最好学，至孝昭时列为九卿”语。皆非迁所及见。王懋竑《白田杂著》亦谓《史记》止纪年而无岁名，今《十二诸侯年表》上列一行载庚申、甲子等字，乃后人所增。则非惟有所散佚，且兼有所窜易。年祀绵邈，今亦不得而考矣。然字句窜乱或不能无，至其全书则仍迁原本。焦竑《笔乘》据《张汤传赞如淳注》，以为续之者有冯商、孟柳。又据《后汉书·杨经传》，以为尝删迁书为十馀万言，指今《史记》非本书，则非其实也。其书自晋、唐以来，传本无大同异。惟唐开元二十三年敕升《史记·老子列传》於《伯夷列传》上。钱曾《读书敏求记》云尚有宋刻，今未之见。南宋广汉张材又尝刊去褚少孙所续，赵山甫复病其不全，取少孙书别刊附入。今亦均未见其本。世所通行惟此本耳。至伪孙奭《孟子疏》所引《史记》“西子金钱事”，今本无之。盖宋人诈托古书，非今本之脱漏。又《学海类编》中载伪洪遵《史记真本凡例》一卷，於原书臆为刊削，称即迁藏在名山之旧稿。其事与梁鄱阳王《汉书真本》相类，益荒诞不足为据矣。注其书者，今惟裴骃、司马贞、张守节三家尚存。其初各为部帙，北宋始合为一编。明代国子监刊版，颇有刊除点窜。南监本至以司马贞所补《三皇本纪》冠《五帝本纪》之上，殊失旧观。然汇合群说，检寻较易，故今录合并之本，以便观览。仍别录三家之书，以存其完本焉。
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