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Entertainment 流行病学
Posted on 2010-10-31
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流行病学(epidemiology)在历史上是研究疾病流行的科学,即是研究在人群中发生某种疾病病例数上升的情况及其原因和如何控制的科学。由于传染病和非传染病都可以有大量发病,这些大量发生的疾病都是流行病学研究的对象。但是,传染病的流行(瘟疫)危害更严重,因此,早期的流行病学是以研究传染病的发生与流行规律为主,并且形成了较系统的理论。随着多种传染病的流行逐渐被控制,人们生活水平的提高及寿命的延长,慢性病和非传染病对人们健康的危害相对渐趋严重,所以流行病学研究的病种自然会扩大到非传染病。近年来,如何提高健康水平和延长寿命等问题也提到日程上来了。所以,现在几乎没有流行病学不研究的病种和医学问题。
在研究的病种方面,流行病学和临床医学、基础医学没有什么不同。流行病学是从群体水平研究疾病,临床医学是从病人个体水平研究疾病,基础医学是从亚临床水平研究疾病。临床医学主要是对具体病人进行诊断和治疗,结合诊断与治疗也从个体水平研究疾病的病因、预后和卫生管理方面的问题等。流行病学则主要研究疾病在特定人群中的发生、发展和疾病及健康有关状态与事件的分布规律(包括现象及原因),控制疾病以及促进健康等的对策。因此,流行病学的定义在目前可以规定为:流行病学是研究疾病在人群中发生、发展及其分布的原因,以及制订预防、控制和消灭这些疾病和促进健康的对策与措施的科学。 现在,除了研究疾病问题以外,流行病学的原理与方法也被应用于卫生管理、健康教育及卫生服务的评价和某些生理、心理、病理和临床药理学的群体现象的研究上。所以,流行病学被有些学者看作是一门研究人类的生理、病理、心理的群体现象的方法学。我国的流行病学是在与疾病的防制紧密结合中发展起来的,因此,我国的流行病学不仅仅是一门方法学,它还是应用于防制疾病,促进健康的实践医学,有着极强的应用性。 临床专业医学生学习流行病学,应当把所学到的群体观点应用于今后的临床工作。在流行病学中的群体是指在一定范围内的人群,可以小到一个家庭,也可以大到全人类。在这个群体中既包括病人,也包括非病人,而且常把这些人和其周围环境联系起来。它也可以扩大到包括自然环境、社会环境在内的一个生态学的群体。
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